MoDeS3

In the previous parts of Statecharts are everywhere series we discussed a lot of things. First, we talked about what xtUML BridgePoint Editor is, and how we designed the ‘safety logic’ with it. Second, we talked about the reasons why we switched from BridgePoint to YAKINDU Statechart Tools (SCT). Third, we introduced YAKINDU Statechart Tools.

Now, we are going to talk about the validation features delivered with SCT, and our extensions: validation based on incremental graph matching, and verification based on timed automaton formalism.

YAKINDU Statechart Tools (SCT) comes with a Validation framework that ensures the detection of unreachable states, dead ends and references to unknown events. These validation constraints are checked live during editing [1].

Xtext

This framework is based on the Xtext’s Validation features that provide both syntactical and semantical validation. The syntactical correctness of any textual input is validated automatically by the parser and any broken cross-references can be checked generically [2]. 

Semantical validation means the developer of the grammar (that can be either textual, or graphical) can write validation rules in Java language for model elements. These rules are applied on the model and if they are not justified, then an error message is shown in the editor. More on validation can be read in the documentation of Xtext.

This way it can be ensured, that the model is valid, because it meets the well-formedness constraints it was set against.

Built-in validation rules

After the introduction, let us see, what validation rules are built in SCT [3]. They mostly inherit from the semantics of (UML) statecharts, that is a well researched area.

1. A state must have a name.
2. Node is not reachable.
3. A final state should have no outgoing transition.
4. A state should have at least one outgoing transition.
5. Initial entry should have no incoming transition.
6. Initial entry should have a single outgoing transition
7. Entries must not have more than one outgoing transition
8. Outgoing transitions from entries can not have a trigger or guard.
9. Outgoing transitions from entries can only target to sibling or inner states.
10. Exit node should have no outgoing transition.
11. Exit node should have at least one incoming transition
12. Exit node in top level region not supported – use final states instead.
13. A choice must have at least one outgoing transition.
14. The region can’t be entered using the shallow history. Add a default entry node.
15. The region can’t be entered using the shallow history. Add a transition from default entry to a state.
16. The source / target states of a synchronization must be orthogonal.
17. The source / target states of a synchronization have to be contained in the same parent state within different regions.

Some other rules that are applied on the SCT model as well [4], but they do not necessarily come from the statechart semantics.

1. A choice should have at least one outgoing default transition.
2. In/Out declarations are not allowed in internal scope.
3. Local declarations are not allowed in interface scope.
4. The evaluation result of a time expression must be of type integer.
5. The evaluation result of a guard expression must be of type boolean.
6. Target state has regions without ‘default’ entries.
7. Region must have a ‘default’ entry.
8. The named entry is not used by incoming transitions.
9. The named exit is not used by outgoing transitions.
10. The parent composite state has no ‘default’ exit transition.
11. The left-hand side of an assignment must be a variable.
12. Missing trigger. Transisition is never taken. Use ‘oncycle’ or ‘always’ instead.

EMF IncQuery

Bence, who is a friend of ours has extended the validation rules mentioned before with new ones. But these rules were composed using EMF IncQuery and are applied by its Validation Framework, rather than the Xtext Validation Framework.

EMF-IncQuery is a framework for defining declarative graph queries over EMF models, and executing them efficiently without manual coding in an imperative programming language such as Java.

With EMF-IncQuery, you can:

• Define model queries using a high level yet powerful query language (supported by state-of-the-art Xtext-based development tools)
• Execute the queries efficiently and incrementally, with proven scalability for complex queries over large instance models
• Integrate queries into your applications using essential feature APIs including IncQuery Viewers, Databinding, Validation and Query-based derived features with notifications.

More on the EMF IncQuery Validation Framework can be read in its documentation.

EMF-IncQuery Validation Framework

Bence composed new validation rules in the IncQuery’s declarative query specification laguage. These rules are applied on the statechart model. If a rule is violated by the referred model then an error message is displayed next to it.

So how is IncQuery supposed to be used for validation? We are going to show you in an example.

The first pattern is responsible for returning declared events that are not used in the state machine. The validation message is defined by the Constraint annotation above the first pattern. The second pattern is an auxiliary pattern.

First of all, let us talk about how to define IncQuery patterns. Let us take a look at the first pattern. Note, that the pattern name must be preceded by the „pattern” keyword. Between parantheses we must declare what nodes of the instance model we want access to. Naturally, the given name must appear in the pattern body and refer to a node type.

„Event : EventDefinition” says that we will want access to the nodes that we refer to as „event” in the pattern body and they are instances of „EventDefinition”. Then, the pattern body must be constructed. Each line states something about the result set. „EventDefinition(event);” states, that through „event” we only want to refer to nodes that are instances of „EventDefinition”. Patterns can be reused with the „find” keyword. This can be imagined as a function call: all of the statements of the called pattern will be applied in the pattern we call it from. To invert the meaning of the find keyword it must be preceded by the „neg” modifier. It forbids the match of the called pattern with the given parameterization.

In the second pattern we want to return nodes, instances of„EventDefinition”, that are not referred by any instance of „FeatureCall” or „ElementReferenceExpression”. FeatureCall.feature(_featureCall, event);” states that there must be a „FeatureCall” instance that has a „feature” reference to „event” (which is as stated before is an instance of EventDefinition). The statements are in a logical AND relation. As you can see, OR relation can be declared as well using the „or” keyword.

To mark the unused events for the Yakindu user a Constraint annotation must be defined. In the annotation the target editor, the message and the severity must be given apart from the elements that we want to mark. The elements are returned by the pattern the annotation is bound to.

New validation rules

The high-level purposes of the validation rules are to reduce the ambiguity and nondeterminism of the design models and to avoid bad design practises and structures.

1. The transition has the same trigger as another transition in the parallel region, but different action.
2. This transition is in a circle of always triggered transition causing a livelock.
3. Ambiguity. This transition is not the only default transition of the exit event.
4. The transition has the same trigger as another transition, which is on a higher level in the state hierarchy.
5. Same trigger used on outgoing transitions.
6. The transition is covered by an always triggered transition.
7. This choice should have at least two outgoing transitions.
8. This final state should have no outgoing transition.
9. This exit should have no outgoing transition.
10. This entry should have no incoming transition.
11. This entry has more than one outgoing transition.
12. Missing trigger. Transition is never taken. Use ‘always’ instead.
13. This region has no entry node.
14. This region has more than one entry node.
15. Unreachable vertex.
16. Unused variable.
17. Unused event.

Verification

Verification is used for making sure the designed system meets its requirements, and work as we imagined. Although there are a lot of verification techniques, we use timed automaton formalism and computational tree logic.

UPPAAL

We chose timed automaton formalism because it is similar to the formal operation of YAKINDU statecharts (in theory), and we already have practise with UPPAAL. UPPAAL is an industry-wide known tool for formal verification of real-timed systems by timed automata.

UPPAAL uses a subset of Computational Tree Logic (CTL for short). The UPPAAL query language consists of a path formula quantified over none, one, more or all paths of the model. Specifications used in UPPAAL can be classified into reachability, safety and liveness properties. Next figure illustrates the formulae supported by UPPAAL. Filled circles represent those states for which a given state formulae hold.

Model transformation

Besides the validation rules, Bence developed a model transformation plugin for Yakindu as well. The plugin transforms a chosen SCT model into a timed automaton, and automatically generates CTL expressions for formal verification.

The model transformation plugin is continuously evolving to support all features (e.g. choice, entry, exit nodes, parallel regions, etc) of statecharts.

As an example the design and formal models of main region of Section statechart is depicted in the next figures.

Design model:

Formal model:

Finally, the formal verification result of the timed automata transformed from the Section statechart is depicted in the next figure.